Preventive role of community-level social capital in the need for long-term care and impairment in instrumental activities of daily living: a multilevel analysis

BACKGROUND@#Individual-level social capital is an important determinant of older adults' long-term care needs; however, there is scant evidence regarding community-level social capital. Therefore, we investigated the association between community-level social capital and the prevalence of the need for long-term care among older adults.@*METHODS@#Between January and February 2018, a cross-sectional survey was conducted among all older adults (n = 13,558) aged 65 to 74 years in a rural municipality in Japan (total population, n = 72,833). A self-reported questionnaire was used to identify community-level social capital, comprising civic participation, social cohesion, and reciprocity. A multilevel logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the odds ratios of the need for long-term care and a decline in social activity competence as assessed by instrumental activities of daily living. For the analysis, the community levels were divided into 76 voting districts and adjusted for daily life, lifestyle, socioeconomic status, health conditions, and the three social capital subscale scores at the individual level.@*RESULTS@#After adjusting for the covariates, we observed a tendency that a higher community level of reciprocity was associated with a lower prevalence of long-term care needs (OR: 0.86, 95% confidence interval: 0.75-1.00), whereas a high community level of social cohesion was associated with a significantly reduced decline in instrumental activities of daily living (OR per standard deviation increase: 0.87, 95% confidence interval: 0.79-0.96). No significant association was found with civic participation. Similarly, individual-level social capital was associated with the need for long-term care and decline in instrumental activities of daily living.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Our findings suggest that good community-level reciprocity or social cohesion as well as good individual social capital status may help prevent the need for long-term care among older adults.

Intercambios entre la educación y la teoría de las representaciones sociales en Brasil / Intercâmbios entre Educação e Teoria das Representações Sociais no Brasil / Exchanges between Education and the Thor of Social Representations in Brazil

En este artículo nos proponemos ofrecer una perspectiva alternativa a las que orientan los análisis acerca de las relaciones entre la Educación y la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales. En oposición a la tradición que considera la Educación como un campo de aplicación de la psicología, defendemos que entre ambas esferas del conocimiento hay contribuciones mutuas. A mutualidad se entiende al proceso de interacción recíproco, a la interdependencía y a la cooperación, a la solidaridad y ayuda mutua. La mutualidad de la Educación y la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales consiste en el movimiento que estimula estudios en el contexto brasileño, sobre todo los que se han desarrollado en el Centro Internacional de Estudos em Representações Sociais e Subjetividade ­ Educação (CIERS-ed). Los análisis realizados acerca de las contribuciones de la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales a la Educación ponen de manifiesto el incremento de investigaciones que consideran la producción de saberes basados en realidades sociales contextualizadas, así como la importancia que tiene la subjetividad de educadores y educandos. A su vez, la Educación viene ofreciendo a las investigaciones en representaciones sociales un avance que va desde el diagnóstico hasta la praxis, pautado sobre todo por abordajes críticos y políticos del pensamiento educacional. (AU)

Neste artigo propomos oferecer uma perspectiva alternativa àquelas que orientam a análise da relação entre a Educação e a Teoria das Representações Sociais. Em oposição à tradição que considera a Educação como um campo de aplicação da psicologia, argumentamos que existem contribuições mútuas entre as duas esferas do conhecimento. A reciprocidade é entendida como o processo de interação recíproca, interdependência e cooperação, solidariedade e ajuda mútua. A mutualidade entre a Educação e a Teoria das Representações Sociais consiste no movimento que estimula os estudos no contexto brasileiro, especialmente os que foram desenvolvidos no Centro Internacional de Estudos em Representações Sociais e Subjetividade - Educação (CIERS-ed). As análises realizadas sobre as contribuições da Teoria das Representações Sociais à Educação destacam o aumento das pesquisas que consideram a produção de conhecimento a partir de realidades sociais contextualizadas, bem como a importância da subjetividade dos educadores e aprendizes. Ao mesmo tempo, a Educação vem oferecendo às pesquisas sobre representações sociais um progresso que vai do diagnóstico à práxis, guiado principalmente por abordagens críticas e políticas do pensamento educacional. (AU)

In this paper, we propose to offer an alternative perspective to those that guide the analysis of the relationship between Education and the Theory of Social Representations. In opposition to the tradition that considers Education as a field of application of psychology, we argue that there are mutual contributions between both spheres of knowledge. Mutuality is understood as the process of reciprocal interaction, interdependence and cooperation, solidarity, and mutual help. The mutuality of Education and the Theory of Social Representations consists in the movement that stimulates studies in the Brazilian context, especially those that have been developed at the Centro Internacional de Estudos em Representações Sociais e Subjetividade - Educação (CIERS-ed). The analyses carried out on the contributions of the Theory of Social Representations to Education highlight the increase in research that considers the production of knowledge based on contextualized social realities, as well as the importance of the subjectivity of educators and learners. At the same time, Education has been offering research on social representations progress that goes from diagnosis to praxis, mainly guided by critical and political approaches to educational thought. (AU)

Tocando a vida com os dedos: reciprocidade na clínica de adolescentes / Touching life with our fingers: reciprocity in the clinic with adolescents / Tocando la vida con los dedos: reciprocidad en la clínica de adolescentes / Toucher la vie avec les doigts: réciprocité dans la clinique des adolescents

No artigo, a autora trata a reciprocidade como a reverberação entre analista e analisando, com foco no trabalho psicanalítico com adolescentes. Entende que é na adolescência que as confusões se ativam mais intensamente. A necessidade de destituir a autoridade dos pais externos confunde-se com a queda dos pais internos, o que deflagra a necessidade de identificação introjetiva -processo que, por sua vez, aparece no apego a figuras sociais, grupos musicais, esportivos e culturais. As ideias aqui desenvolvidas partem do conceito de reciprocidade estética (Meltzer, 1992; 1995), culminando em ampliações sobre os processos de identificação e introjeção, que se desenrolam exatamente nessa troca recíproca.

In this article, the author treats reciprocity as the reverberation between analyst and patient, focusing on psychoanalytic work with adolescents. She understands that it is in adolescence that confusions are most intensely activated. The need to remove the authority of external parents is confused with the fall of internal parents, which triggers the need for introjective identification - a process that, in turn, appears in the attachment to social figures, such as musicians, sportspeople and cultural groups. The ideas developed here are based on the concept of aesthetic reciprocity (Meltzer, 1992; 1995), culminating in expansions on the processes of identification and introjection, which take place exactly in this reciprocal exchange.

En el presente artículo, la autora trata la reciprocidad como la reverberación entre analista y analizando, centrándose en el trabajo psicoanalítico con adolescentes. Ella entiende que es en la adolescencia que las confusiones se activan más intensamente. La necesidad de eliminar la autoridad de los padres externos se confunde con la caída de los padres internos, lo que desencadena la necesidad de una identificación introyectiva, un proceso que, a su vez, aparece en el apego a figuras sociales, grupos musicales, deportivos y culturales. Las ideas desarrolladas aquí parten del concepto de reciprocidad estética (Meltzer, 1992; 1995), que culmina en expansiones en los procesos de identificación e introyección, que tienen lugar exactamente en este intercambio recíproco.

Dans cet article, l'auteur traite la réciprocité comme la réverbération entre l'analyste et l'analysant, en se concentrant sur le travail psychanalytique avec les adolescents. Elle comprend que c'est à l'adolescence que les confusions sont le plus intensément activées. La nécessité de retirer l'autorité des parents externes est confondue avec la chute des parents internes, ce qui déclenche la nécessité d'une identification introjective - un processus qui, à son tour, apparaît comme attaché aux figures sociales, aux groupes musicaux, sportifs et culturels. Les idées développées ici partent du concept de réciprocité esthétique (Meltzer, 1992; 1995), aboutissant à des développements sur les processus d'identification et d'introjection, qui se déroulent exactement dans cet échange réciproque.

O dom e a dádiva entre parteiras do Amapá: uma abordagem etnográfica / The dom and gift among midwives from Amapá: an ethnographic approach

Resumo Este artigo trata das visões de mundo e práticas das parteiras tradicionais que moram em Santana (AP, Brasil). Tendo como base pesquisa de campo de caráter etnográfico e entrevistas semiestruturadas, apresentamos o entendimento dessas mulheres acerca do seu ofício, destacando a centralidade desempenhada pelas noções nativas de dom e de divino nesse universo. Também apresentamos e interpretamos a dimensão simbólica das relações estabelecidas entre essas mulheres, as parturientes e a entidade nomeada por elas como Deus. Neste contexto, observamos que as obrigações relacionadas aos endividamentos não compulsórios no dar-receber-retribuir, apontado na maioria dos estudos sobre parteiras, não se restringem à relação entre família da parturiente e parteira. Na concepção local, as relações relevantes de obrigação concatenadas ao dom para o ofício se estabelecem entre humanos e Deus. Grosso modo, a contradádiva é efetivada no atendimento às gestantes, mas como uma espécie de obrigação diante de Deus. Assim, o atendimento às mulheres que procuram as parteiras é entendido como o meio adequado de saldar a dívida adquirida com o ser divino.

Abstract This article studies the world conceptions and practices of traditional midwives who live and work in Santana (Amapá, Brazil). Based on an ethnographic fieldwork including semi-structured interviews, we present how these women perceive their craft, highlighting the centrality of the category dom and the notion of divine in this universe. We also discuss the symbolic dimension of the relationships established between the midwives, the pregnant women and the entity known by them as God. In this regard, the obligations associated to the non-compulsory debts in the giving, receiving and returning cycle, pointed out by most studies on traditional midwives, are not restricted to the relation between the patient's family and the midwife. According to the local conception, the most relevant relations of obligation associated to the dom for their craft are those established between humans and God. The counter-gift is accomplished through patient care, but as a sort of obligation towards God. Assisting the women who seek midwives is, thus, understood as the adequate means to settle the debt with this divine entity.

La imitación y el entonamiento afectivo en el juego social temprano / Imitation and affect attunement in early social play

Con el objetivo de estudiar las pautas adultas de imitación y entonamiento afectivo que ocurren en las situaciones de juego social temprano entre adulto y bebé, se realizó un estudio longitudinal de caso único, con una díada adulto-bebé. La edad del bebé en la primera sesión, según la convención piagetiana [año; mes (día)], fue: 00; 3 (05) y en la última sesión: 00; 6 (28). Se filmaron 8 sesiones de interacción espontánea de la díada, en su hogar, cada 15 días. De cada sesión se seleccionaron los primeros 10 minutos de juego social temprano. Con este material se generó una video-secuencia de juego social temprano a la que se le aplicó un código observacional con categorías para las pautas de actividades de coincidencia maternas (imitación y entonamiento afectivo). Los datos obtenidos en este estudio indican que las actividades de coincidencia maternas de imitación y entonamiento afectivo aparecen en todo el período estudiado, con una frecuencia de dos eventos de coincidencia por minuto de juego social temprano. Se observó que las pautas de entonamiento afectivo materno casi duplican a las de imitación entre los 3 y 6 meses de vida del bebé. Asimismo, se registró que la mayoría de los entonamientos afectivos fueron transmodales y que la madre utilizó su voz como modalidad conductual privilegiada para establecer coincidencias comportamentales con su bebé, ya sea a través de la imitación o del entonamiento. Las imitaciones maternas más frecuentes ocurrieron como respuesta a las vocalizaciones del bebé y los entonamientos afectivos fueron provocados principalmente por los movimientos del bebé.

This paper focuses on two specific matching activities of maternal behavior in early social play: imitation and affect attunement. Imitationis a pattern of frequent interaction between adult and baby, providing a pleasant experience to both participants. In that context, imitation is not only bi-directional, but it is the adult who imitates more frequently. Affect attunement is an intuitive and fleeting interaction pattern, through which the adult attunes to the baby's affective state. It is a matching activity, where the amodal features of the infant's behavior (intensity, temporal organization, spatial pattern and / or quantity) are reflected through a different conduct. Previous research indicates that during the first 6 months of the baby's life, the adult very often uses imitation as well as affect attunement for interacting (which involves performing a different behavior than the baby's in which the adult matches the intensity, temporal pattern, spatial pattern, and / or the amount of the child's original behavior). Maternal affect attunement events have been observed from 2 months of age, and the frequency ratio between affect attunement and maternal imitation has been observed to change in ontogenetic development: between the baby's 2nd and 6th months the adult's imitative activity occurs at higher rates; while in the second half of the first year of life, the relationship is reversed. This paper presents the results of a longitudinal case study on a mother-infant dyad, about maternal imitation and affect attunement behaviors in early social play situations between the 3rd and 6th months of the baby's life. According to Piaget's convention [year; month (day)], the baby's age was 00; 3(05) in the first session, and 00; 6 (28) in the last session. Every 15 days, a total of 8 sessions of the dyad's spontaneous interaction, were filmed in their home. From each session, the first 10 minutes of early social play were selected. With this material a video-sequence of early social play was generated to which an observational code with categories for maternal matching activity patterns (imitation and affect attunement) was applied. The percentage of each category's occurrence in each evolutionary period was calculated. The data obtained in this study indicate that maternal matching activities of imitation and affect attunement appear from the beginning of the studied period. These results confirm those previously obtained in other studies that show the early emergence of adult imitation and affect attunement behavioral patterns. The data also indicate that matching activities of imitation and affect attunement appear throughout the studied period with a frequency of two events perminute of early social play. These results partially confirm those previously obtained in other studies. The new information obtained in our study concerns the frequency of both reciprocity patterns, and the type of behavior of the mother and baby involved in these matching activities. Patterns of maternal affect attunement almost double those of imitation between the baby's 3rd and 6th months. It was also reported that most affect attunements were transmodal and that the mother used her voice as a privileged way to establish a behavioral match with her baby, either through imitation or affect attunement. The most frequent maternal imitations occurred in response to the baby's vocalizations, and affect attunements were caused mainly by the baby's movements. Without detracting from the dyad's intense vocal activity already registered in the field's literature, the high frequency of affect attunements in response to infant movement highlights a trait less noticed in previous research: the adult's mastery in reading the baby's body and movement.

Un acercamiento al Clima Organizacional / An approach to organizational climate

RESUMEN Introducción: El clima organizacional constituye uno de los elementos a considerar en los procesos organizativos de la gestión, cambio e innovación. Por su repercusión inmediata adquiere relevancia, tanto en los procesos como en los resultados y ello incide directamente en la calidad del propio sistema y su desarrollo. Objetivo: Sistematizar la definición de clima organizacional, teniendo en consideración su relación en el ámbito laboral en la práctica de la enfermería. Métodos: Se realizó análisis de contenido de documentos, que incluyó artículos originales y de revisión publicados desde el año 2001 al 2014, con las siguientes palabras clave: clima organizacional, características, dimensiones en SciELO. Se identificaron y revisaron artículos que fueron útiles para el desarrollo de la revisión, así monografías de varias revistas y tesis doctorales actualizadas que permitieron el análisis histórico lógico de la evolución de la definición del clima organizacional. Conclusiones: La sistematización de los términos relacionados con el clima organizacional, permitió definir el clima organizacional, las características y dimensiones, algunos autores que se han dedicado al estudio del clima organizacional en el mundo han establecido su definición, objetivos, dimensiones, importancia, teorías e instrumentos para su medición sin embargo se hace necesario su conocimiento para el mejoramiento de la calidad en las instituciones del mismo(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Organizational climate is one of the elements to consider in organizational processes, management, change and innovation. For immediate impact becomes relevant in both processes and results and this directly impacts on the quality of the system itself and its development. Objective: To systematize the definition of organizational climate, taking into consideration their relationship in the workplace in nursing practice. Methods: Organizational climate, characteristics, dimensions: content analysis of documents, including original and review reports with the following keywords items is done. They were identified and reviewed articles that were useful for the development of the review, several magazines and monographs and doctoral theses to date that allowed the logical historical analysis of the evolution of the definition of organizational climate. Conclusions: The systematization of terms related to organizational climate, allowed to define the organizational climate, the characteristics and dimensions, some authors who have dedicated themselves to the study of organizational climate in the world have established their definition, objectives, dimensions, importance, theories and instruments for measuring however their knowledge to improve the quality of institutions it is necessary(AU)

Contrato psicológico en empleados mexicanos: Creencias de obligaciones relacionales y transaccionales / Psychological contract in Mexican employees: Relational and transactional obligations beliefs

Resumen Se examinan las creencias de una muestra de empleados mexicanos sobre las obligaciones recíprocas en la relación empleado-empleador, con base en los tipos de Contrato Psicológico Relacional y Transaccional. Se realizó un estudio no experimental, correlacional, transversal. Participaron 345 empleados de diversas organizaciones de la Ciudad de México. Se pusieron a prueba modelos PATH sobre la relación de las creencias del empleado sobre las obligaciones empleado-empleador. En el modelo Relacional, se identificaron antecedentes sobre las creencias de Lealtad y Seguridad, el modelo mostró menos variables independientes con un mayor nivel predictivo. En el modelo Transaccional se identificaron más variables independientes relacionadas con un menor nivel predictivo. Se señala la necesidad de proponer modelos predictivos con otras variables, como el compromiso, la justicia y la adherencia organizacional, la satisfacción laboral, el desempeño y la rotación. Esta investigación contribuye a la Teoría del Intercambio Social en las Organizaciones y la dinámica del Contrato Psicológico como un enfoque que puede ayudar en la definición de estrategias, políticas organizacionales y prácticas orientadas a relaciones laborales sanas en México.

Abstract Based on Social Exchange Theory in Organizations, this research examines the beliefs of Mexican employees about reciprocal obligations in the employee-employer relationship, operationalize on the types of Relational and Transactional Psychological Contract. A non-experimental, correlational, cross-sectional study was performed. A total of 345 employees from diferent organizations from Mexico City participated. Correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis and PATH models were conducted. Results of goodness of fit of the measurement model for each tipe of psychological contract are shown to add evidence of validity of the PCI (Psychological Contract Inventory) in Mexican population, as well as acceptable Cronbach Alpha index were founded. Evidence of a reciprocity Relational model was found; this model identifies employer obligation beliefs as antecedents that influenced the employee's Loyalty and Safety beliefs. Evidence of a Transactional model was found; this model identifies antecedents that influenced the beliefs of a Short-Term employment relationship whit a Limited approach. These research marks the opportunity for similar studies in different employee groups and industries. The knowledge and study of the Psychological Contract in Mexico can help organizations to clearly define their internal policies of employment relationships that benefit to both employer and employees. This research proposes the dynamics of the Psychological Contract in the study of employment relationships in Mexico as a powerful approach that provides clarity in the explanation of reciprocity in the workplace.

Norma pessoal de reciprocidade: evidências de validade e precisão de uma medida / Personal norm of reciprocity: evidendence of validity and reliability of a measure / Norma personal de reciprocidad: evidencias de validez y precisión de una medida

O presente estudo objetivou adaptar para o contexto brasileiro o Questionário Norma Pessoal de Reciprocidade (QNPR), reunindo evidências de sua validade fatorial e consistência interna. Participaram 203 universitários, com idade média de 20,6 anos (DP = 4,54). Os dados foram analisados separadamente para crenças e comportamentos em reciprocidade. A primeira parte referente às crenças na reciprocidade contou com nove itens, com alfa de Cronbach de 0,66 e saturações variando de 0,33 a 0,65; na parte referente aos comportamentos em reciprocidade, dois componentes emergiram: o primeiro denominado reciprocidade negativa contou com nove itens, com saturações variando de 0,46 a 0,80 e alfa de Cronbach de 0,85 enquanto o segundo componente foi denominado reciprocidade positiva, e contou com sete itens e saturações variando de 0,46 a 0,76, com alfa de Cronbach de 0,74. Concluiu-se que esses achados apoiam a adequação psicométrica deste instrumento, que apresenta evidências de validade e precisão.

This study aimed at adapting to the Brazilian context the Personal Norm of Reciprocity Questionnaire (PNRQ), gathering evidence of its factorial validity and internal consistency. 203 students participated, with average age of 20.6 years (SD = 4.54). Data were analyzed separately for beliefs and behaviors in reciprocity. The first part refers to the beliefs of reciprocity had nine items with Cronbach's alpha of 0.66 and saturations ranging from 0.33 to 0.65. The part referring to reciprocity behavior emerged two components, the first called negative reciprocity had nine items, with saturations ranging from 0.46 to 0.80 and Cronbach's alpha of 0.85 as the second component was called positive reciprocity, and had seven items and saturations ranging from 0.46 to 0.76, with Cronbach's alpha of 0.74. We have concluded that these findings support the psychometric adequacy of this instrument, which shows evidence of validity and reliability.

Este estudio objetivó adaptar al contexto brasileño el Cuestionario Norma Personal de Reciprocidad (CNPR), reuniendo evidencias de su validez factorial y consistencia interna. Participaron 203 universitarios, con edad media de 20,6 años (DP = 4,54). Los datos se analizaron por separado para las creencias y comportamientos en la reciprocidad. La primera parte se refiere a las creencias en la reciprocidad y contó con nueve ítems, con alfa de Cronbach de 0,66 y saturaciones entre 0,33 y 0,65. La parte relacionada a los comportamientos en reciprocidad surgió dos componentes, el primero llamado reciprocidad negativa contó con nueve ítems, con saturaciones entre 0,46 y 0,80 y alfa de Cronbach de 0,85. El segundo componente llamado reciprocidad positiva, contó con siete ítems y saturaciones entre 0,46 y 0,76, con alfa de Cronbach de 0,74. Se concluyó que estos resultados apoyan la adecuación psicométrica de este instrumento, que presenta evidencias de validez y precisión.

Equidad en el apoyo social recíproco y satisfacción vital en personas mayores / Equity in the Reciprocal Social Support and Life Satisfaction in Older People

RESUMEN Se examinó la asociación entre equidad en el apoyo social y bienestar en personas mayores españolas (Rango 60-98, M = 74.04; DE = 7.75; N = 585). Se obtuvo información sobre variables sociodemográficas y de autonomía funcional, miembros activos de varias redes de apoyo, apoyo dado y recibido emocional e instrumental y satisfacción vital. La equidad caracteriza la mayoría de los intercambios de apoyo de los mayores con sus redes familiares y sociales. Los intercambios recíprocos equitativos y ser proveedor activo en el intercambio, se relacionan positivamente con la satisfacción vital en la vejez. La naturaleza del apoyo emocional o instrumental modifica esos resultados. La Teoría de la Equidad obtiene más evidencia empírica que la Teoría del Intercambio Social.

ABSTRACT The association between perceived equity in social support and wellbeing was examined in older people (Age 60-98, M = 74.11; SD = 7.92; N = 585). Data were from a study at Salamanca (Spain). Information was obtained about socio-demographic and functional autonomy variables, active members from several support networks, given and received support of instrumental and emotional type, and a life satisfaction index. The equity defines the majority of support exchanges that elderly maintain with their kin and non-kin networks. Balanced reciprocal exchanges, besides the capacity to be an active provider in exchange, are positively related to life satisfaction in old age. The nature of the emotional or instrumental support modifies these results. Equity Theory gets more empirical evidence than Social Exchange Theory.

From Moral Experience to Care giving: the Theoretical and Practical Paths of Medical Humanities / 中国医学伦理学

Most of the current medical humanities education focuses on the moral aspects without good theoreti-cal basis and specific practices on the medical institution and daily life.The article dates back to the origins of So-cial Science based on the concept caregiving put forward by the medical anthropologist Arthur Kleinman,and states that the ultimate purpose of Social Science is to make response to the social suffering and provide caregiving for it.Caregiving as moral experience is response to social suffering and attracts much importance,because it pro-vides both the theoretical basis and practical means for the current medical humanities education.Its characteristics of caregiving as moral experience to social suffering and caregiving as reciprocity meet the demands of current notion of Big health in China.

Estudios Sobre Cooperación en Perros Domésticos: una Revisión Crítica / Studies on Cooperation in Household Dogs: A Critical Review / Estudos sobre Cooperação em Cachorros Domésticos: uma Revisão Crítica

El análisis comparado de la cooperación contribuye al entendimiento tanto de sus orígenes evolutivos como de los mecanismos próximos involucrados en dicho fenómeno. Esta revisión se centra en estudios sobre cooperación en perros domésticos. Para ello se definieron conceptos relacionados con la cooperación, se describieron las razones filogenéticas y ontogenéticas que hacen del perro un buen modelo para el estudio de este fenómeno y se hizo una revisión crítica de los trabajos realizados en este campo. Fueron incluidas investigaciones sobre situaciones cooperativas y sobre las habilidades cognitivas involucradas. Se discuten hipótesis sobre los mecanismos próximos de esta habilidad que incluyen elementos emocionales, motivacionales y de aprendizaje asociativo.

The comparative analysis of cooperation contributes to the understanding of both its evolutionary origins and the proximate mechanisms involved in this phenomenon. This review focuses on studies of cooperation in household dogs, describing the phylogenetic and ontogenetic reasons that make dogs a good model for the study of this phenomenon, and carrying out a critical review of the research carried out in this field, particularly of research regarding cooperative situations and the cognitive abilities involved. The article also discusses hypotheses regarding the proximate mechanisms of this ability, which include emotional, motivational, and associative learning abilities.

A análise comparada da cooperação contribui para o entendimento tanto de suas origens evolutivas quanto dos mecanismos próximos envolvidos nesse fenômeno. Esta revisão se centraliza em estudos sobre cooperação em cachorros domésticos. Para isso, definiram-se conceitos relacionados com a cooperação, descreveram-se as razões filogenéticas e ontogenéticas que fazem do cachorro um bom modelo para o estudo desse fenômeno e fez-se uma revisão crítica dos trabalhos realizados nesse campo. Foram incluídas pesquisas sobre situações cooperativas e sobre as habilidades cognitivas envolvidas. Discutem-se hipóteses sobre os mecanismos próximos dessa habilidade que incluem elementos emocionais, motivacionais e de aprendizagem associativa.

Salud mental global como bien público: sugerencias para la reflexión ética / Global mental health like a public good: suggestions for an ethical reflection

Luego de establecer en lo posible, claras distinciones entre salud mental internacional (basada en la superación de barreras geográficas) y salud mental global en tanto que orientada a las cualidades esenciales de justicia y reconocimiento pleno de los valores de la humanidad en su conjunto, el artículo examina las brechas éticas que pueden comprometer la integridad de esta última. La realidad de países (e individuos o grupos humanos) ricos y pobres, lasinequidades de logrostecnológicos y del acceso justo a su producción y uso y las diferencias de conceptos como ômedicina basada en evidenciasõ versus ômedicina basada en valoresõ conduce a la consideración de que las consecuencias morales del avance científico no tienen límites geográficos y pueden ahondar diferencias de todo orden. Se examinan luego las dimensiones de una ética global con la vigencia de dos ingredientes fundamentales: solidaridad y reciprocidad. Aquélla puede ser horizontal o vertical pero debe extenderse también a la comprensión del pasado histórico y del futuro de pueblos y naciones, cuanto orientada a objetivos de comunidad y buen hacer. Reciprocidad puede ser un ôimperativo hipotéticoõ, una forma dialógica de la solidaridad que, en conjunto entonces pueden conducir a objetivos de plenitud de vida, justicia social, protección y seguridad, al logro de un genuino ôbien públicoõ.

After making as clear a distinction as possible, between international and global mental health (the former based on overcoming mostly geographic barriers, the latter oriented to essential qualities of justice and full recognition of humanityÆs values), this article examines the ethical breaches that can compromise the integrity of global mental health. The reality of rich and poor countries (as well as individuals or human groups, the inequities of technological achievements and of a fair access to its production and use, and the differences between concepts such as ôevidencebasedõ and ôvalue-basedõ medicine, lead to considering that the moral consequences of scientific advances do not have geographic boundaries and can deepen all kinds of differences. Dimensions of global ethics, with two essential ingredients, solidarity and reciprocity, are then examined. The former can be horizontal or vertical but must extend itself also to the understanding of the historical past and the future of peoples and nations when oriented to objectives of community and ôdoing goodõ. Reciprocity can be a ôhypothetical imperativeõ, a dialogical form of solidarity that, joiny, can then lead to objectives of a plentiful life, social justice protection and security, the accomplishment of a genuine ôpublic goodõ.

O processo de socialização e de solidariedade / The process of socialization and solidarity / Le processus de socialisation et la solidarité / El proceso de socialización y la solidaridad

Vivemos numa sociedade marcadamente individualista e consumista, cujas repercussões interferem nas diversas maneiras como se desenvolve a sociabilidade. Entendê-las demanda esforço, porém mais complexo ainda é o desafio para encontrar modos de superação dos impasses envolvidos nessas questões. Seria possível identificar relações enraizadas e profundas de convivência social, lastreadas na solidariedade e com possibilidade de se expandirem de forma generalizada no seio da sociedade? A discussão parte de conceitos de socialização baseados na verticalidade das interações, passando pelas interpretações em que há espaço para influências recíprocas entre os sujeitos e se encerra com a aproximação entre socialização e cultura solidária, buscando um caminho alternativo. Conquanto ainda modesto, ele é concreto, pois vivenciado por pessoas que estão ao mesmo tempo tão próximas a nós e, muitas vezes, distantes de nossa percepção...

We live in a distinctly individualistic and consumerist society, the repercussions of which interfere in the various forms in which sociability develops. Understanding them requires effort, but even more complex is the challenge to find ways of overcoming the impasses involved in these issues. Would it be possible to identify the deep-rooted relations of social coexistence based on solidarity and with the possibility of them spreading widely within society? The discussion starts with socialization based on the verticality of interactions, passing through interpretations where there is room for reciprocal influences between subjects, and ends with a rapprochement between socialization and solidary culture, seeking an alternate path. While still modest, it is real, as experienced by people who are at the same time so close to us and often so remote from our perception...

Nous vivons dans une société notamment individualiste et consommatrice, fait dont les répercussions interviennent aux formes diverses par lesquelles se développe la sociabilité. Pour les comprendre, il faut un certain effort, mais de façon plus complexe, cette compréhension passe par le défi de trouver des formes de surmonter les impasses imbriquées dans ces questions. Serait-il possible d’identifier les relations profondement enracinées de cohabitation sociale ancrées dans la solidarité et avec la possibilité d'expansion généralisée au sein de la société? La discussion part de concepts de socialisation basés sur la verticalité des interactions, tout en passant par des interprétations où il y a de la place pour des influences réciproques entre les sujets et se donne avec l'approximation entre socialisation et culture solidaire, en cherchant un chemin alternatif. Bien que ce chemin soit modeste, il est aussi concret, car il est vécu par des gens qui sont à la fois si proches de nous et très souvent éloignés de notre perception...

Vivimos en una sociedad acentuadamente individualista y consumista, lo cual repercute en las diversas formas a través de las cuales se desarrolla la sociabilidad. Entenderlas demanda esfuerzo, si bien es aún más complejo el desafío para encontrar formas de superar las situaciones sin salida relacionadas con tales cuestiones. ¿Sería posible identificar relaciones enraizadas y profundas de convivencia social, permeadas por la solidaridad y con posibilidad de expandirse de forma generalizada en el seno de la sociedad? La discusión parte de conceptos de socialización basados en la verticalidad de las interacciones, pasando por las interpretaciones en las que hay espacio para influencias recíprocas entre los sujetos y concluye con la aproximación entre socialización y cultura solidaria, buscando un camino alternativo. A pesar de modesto, este camino es concreto, ya que es vivenciado por gente que está al mismo tiempo muy cerca de nosotros y, muchas veces, distante de nuestra percepción...

El síndrome de desgaste profesional(Burnout síndrome): manifestación de la ruptura de reciprocidad laboral / Burnout syndrome: expression of the breakdown of labor reciprocity

El síndrome de desgaste profesional (Burnout syndrome) se caracteriza por la presencia de tres aspectos o factores: (i) agotamiento emocional, (ii) despersonalización, y (iii) reducción del desarrollo profesional. El objetivo de este documento es ofrecer un panorama conceptual para comprender el síndrome de desgaste profesional en ocupaciones administrativas, comerciales o industriales. La tesis central de este artículo es que el síndrome de desgaste profesional, como síndrome ocupacional, es producto de la ruptura de la reciprocidad laboral, es decir, el desequilibrio prolongado entre los esfuerzos que un individuo imprime y lo que recibe a cambio de su trabajo. Se hace énfasis en el principio de reciprocidad referido a las relaciones interpersonales (por ejemplo, entre colegas, supervisores o clientes externos) del trabajo, porque una de sus peculiaridades es la distancia que se toma frente a otras personas y al objeto del trabajo para afrontar el desgaste laboral.

The burnout syndrome is characterized by the presence of three aspects or factors: (i) emotional exhaustion, (ii) depersonalization, and (iii) reduced professional development. The aim of this paper is to provide a conceptual understanding of the burnout syndrome in administrative occupations, commercial or industrial. The central thesis of this article is that the burnout syndrome, while an occupational syndrome, is caused by the breakdown of labor reciprocity, that is, the imbalance between efforts extended to an individual performances and what he receives in return for his work. We emphasize that the principle of reciprocity refers to interpersonal relationships (e.g. between colleagues, supervisors or external clients) work, because one of the peculiarities of the burnout syndrome is the distance taken in front of others and in order to address labor burnout.

Clima organizacional en la gestión del coordinador docente de estado en la Misión Médica Cubana / Organizacional climate in the management of the teaching coordinator at state level in the Cuban Medical Mission

Se desarrolló un proyecto de investigación que permitió caracterizar el clima organizacional en la gestión del coordinador docente de estado en la Misión Médica Cubana en la República Bolivariana de Venezuela. El universo del estudio estuvo integrado por el total de coordinadores docentes de los estados. En la investigación se empleó un sistema de métodos teóricos, empíricos y procedimientos estadísticos. La recolección de la información se realizó mediante la aplicación, por la investigadora, del instrumento de clima organizacional modificado y validado por la autora. Se estudiaron las dimensiones: liderazgo, motivación, participación, reciprocidad y comunicación. La información obtenida permitió caracterizar el clima organizacional en la gestión docente del coordinador de estado, la dimensión motivación es la de más bajos resultados con 3 de sus categorías afectadas, responsabilidad, reconocimiento a la aportación y adecuación de las condiciones de trabajo; seguida de la dimensión comunicación con la categoría estilos de comunicación por debajo del límite aceptado, al igual que la categoría solución de conflicto en la dimensión liderazgo. Por su parte las dimensiones reciprocidad y participación alcanzan buenos resultados en todas sus categorías

A research project was carried out to characterize the organizational climate in the management of the state educational coordinator within the Cuban Medical Mission in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. The universe of study was the total number of educational coordinators from the different states. The research used a combined system of theoretical, empirical methods and statistical procedures. The data collection was based on the application of the instrument of organizational climate as modified and validated by the author of the paper. The following dimensions were studied: leadership, motivation, participation, reciprocity and communication. This information allowed characterizing the organizational climate of the teaching management of the coordinator at state level. The dimension motivation exhibits the lower outcomes with 3 affected categories, that is, responsibility, recognition to contributions and adequacy in working conditions, followed by the dimension communication which category communicational styles were under the allowable limits. The same situation was observed in the category resolution of conflicts included in the dimension leadership. Likewise, the dimensions reciprocity and participation achieved good results in all their categories

Linking Theoretical Explanations for the Use of Marital Maintenance: Equity, Uncertainty, Attachment, and Reciprocity / Vinculando las explicaciones teóricas de mantenimiento marital: Equidad, incertidumbre, apego y reciprocidad

Research provides support for four theoretical explanations for relationship maintenance: equity, uncertainty, attachment, and reciprocity. This study focused on the relationships among these theoretical explanations, as well as whether the concepts might be combined to provide a single explanation for why an individual enacts maintenance behavior. Survey data were collected from 179 married individuals. Path-modeling techniques revealed that, counter to predictions, uncertainty did not mediate the relationship between equity and maintenance enactment. Further, there were significant correlations among variables associated with all four theories. A series of multiple regression equations indicated that the four theoretical concepts predicted between 16% and 68% of the variance in maintenance enactment. Among the four theoretical explanations, reciprocity was the strongest and most consistent predictor.

La investigación apoya cuatro explicaciones teóricas para el mantenimiento en las relaciones maritales: equidad, incertidumbre, apego y reciprocidad. Este estudio se enfoca en las relaciones entre estas teorías, así como en la posibilidad de que los conceptos puedan ser combinados para brindar una sola explicación del porqué un individuo realiza conductas de mantenimiento. Los datos se obtuvieron de 179 individuos casados. Las técnicas de Path-modeling revelaron que -en contra de las predicciones-la incertidumbre no juega un papel que mediatice entre equidad y mantenimiento. Además, se obtuvieron correlaciones significativas asociadas con las cuatro teorías. Asimismo se encontró por medio de ecuaciones de regresión múltiple que los cuatro conceptos teóricos predijeron entre el 16% y 68% de la varianza en el establecimiento del mantenimiento. De las cuatro teorías, la reciprocidad fue el predictor más fuerte y consistente.

Organização de trabalho, credora ou devedora? Estudo sobre reciprocidade organizacional / Work organization, creditor or debtor? Study about organizational reciprocity / Organización del trabajo, acreeddora o deudora? Estudio sobre reciprocidad organizacionale

Caracterizar a reciprocidade organizacional no contexto universitário por meio da percepção de docentes-gestores constituiu o objetivo desse estudo. A pesquisa assumiu caráter qualitativo com enfoque exploratório e descritivo e envolveu entrevistas semiestruturadas. Os participantes, docentes-gestores de universidades de Santa Catarina, manifestam que o reconhecimento e valorização dos esforços que despendem não constituem, ou pouco constituem, práticas gerenciais de seus superiores; suas expectativas de retribuição não são plenamente consideradas, o que reforça neles a percepção de débito de parte da universidade; mas, embora tais expectativas sejam frustradas, continuam a emitir atos inovadores, sugestivos e cooperativos, o que demonstra sua dedicação para com o curso e o trabalho, fato explicado pelo seu grau de comprometimento com a organização que os emprega.

Characterize the organizational reciprocity in the university context through to the perception of teachers-managers was aim of this study. The research took a qualitative approach with exploratory and descriptive focus and it involved semistructured interviews. The Participants, teachers-managers of universities of Santa Catarina, Brazil, show that the recognition and appreciation of the efforts they expend not constitute, or if so, they little appear as managerial practices of their bosses; their expectations of retribution are not fully considered; which reinforce in them the perception of debt by the university. But, although these expectations of reciprocity are frustrated, teachers-managers continue to deliver innovative, suggestive and cooperative acts, demonstrating their dedication to the course and with the work, a fact explained by their level of commitment to the organization that employs them.

Caracterizar la reciprocidad organizacional en el ámbito universitario a través de la percepción de los profesores-administradores constituyó el objetivo de este estudio. La investigación tuvo un enfoque cualitativo exploratorio y descriptivo, y envolvió entrevistas semi-estructuradas. Los participantes, profesores-administradores de las universidades de Santa Catarina, Brasil, demuestran que el reconocimiento y el aprecio de los esfuerzos no son o poco son prácticas de gestión de sus superiores; sus expectativas de reciprocidad no son plenamente consideradas, lo que refuerza su percepción de que hay deuda de parte de la universidad. Pero incluso si se frustran las expectativas, continúan ofreciendo acciones innovadoras, sugerente y de cooperación, lo que demuestra su dedicación al curso y la labor que se explica por el grado de compromiso con la organización que los emplea.

Inventario del clima organizacional como una herramienta necesaria para evaluar la calidad del trabajo / An inventory of organizational atmosphere as a tool needed to assess the quality work

El Sistema Nacional de Salud de Cuba se ha mantenido, desde su creación, en un permanente proceso de reformas, lo que ha conducido a cambios en el desarrollo paulatino de la atención médica. También se ha venido implantado y desarrollando enfoques, métodos y técnicas para ganar calidad. Una de las dimensiones de la calidad de vida laboral, que influye en la productividad y desarrollo del talento humano de una entidad es el clima organizacional, considerado como la propiedad del ambiente organizacional que es percibida o experimentada por los miembros de la organización y que influye poderosamente en su comportamiento, motivación, desempeño y satisfacción. Existen varios modelos para evaluar el clima organizacional de una unidad, en el caso de salud existe una experiencia positiva, se trata del inventario de clima organizacional, una metodología de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud que se ha utilizado con éxito en Cuba. En el presente artículo se exponen sus bases conceptuales, las técnicas de exploración a través de sus 4 dimensiones; liderazgo, motivación, reciprocidad y participación, su importancia para el buen trabajo de directivos y trabajadores, así como la necesidad de aplicar este tipo de estudio en nuestros servicios de salud. Debemos tener en cuenta que el factor humano es el principal recurso de una institución y su influencia es decisiva en el desarrollo, progreso y éxito de esta. El hombre es y continuará siendo el activo más valioso de una organización.

The Cuban National Health System has remained from its onset in a continuous process of reforms leading to changes in the gradual development of medical care. Also, approaches, methods and techniques to increase the quality have been applied and developed. One of the dimensions of the working life quality influencing in productivity and development of human talent of one entity is the organizational environment a perception or experience becoming work property of workers influencing powerfully in its behavior, motivation, performance and satisfaction. There are some forms to assess the organization environment of a unit, in the case of health there is a positive experience, the PAHO inventory of the organizational environment a methodology used successfully in Cuba. In present paper are exposed its conceptual basis, the exploration techniques through its 4 dimensions: lead, motivation, reciprocity and participation. Its significance for the good practice of managers and workers, as well as the need to apply this type of study in our health services. We must to take into account that the human factor is the main resource in a institution and that its influence is decisive in its development and success The man is and will be for ever the part more active of a organization.

Ambiente laboral en los policlínicos universitarios / Work environment in university polyclinics

Estudiar el ambiente laboral de los policlínicos universitarios constituye un elemento diagnóstico de la realidad, a partir de la exploración de 4 dimensiones, además posibilita a los directivos la toma de decisiones para perfeccionar el funcionamiento y su influencia en la elevación de la calidad del servicio que brinda. OBJETIVO: caracterizar el ambiente laboral de los policlínicos universitarios de Ciudad de la Habana en el año 2006, que se iniciaron en el curso académico 2004-2005. MÉTODOS: se realizó una investigación descriptiva de corte transversal utilizando para ello métodos teóricos, empíricos y procedimientos estadísticos, que incluyó la aplicación de un cuestionario autoadministrado a trabajadores profesionales de los policlínicos universitarios de Ciudad de La Habana que se iniciaron en el curso académico 2004-2005 y que totalizaron 21. RESULTADOS: percibieron favorablemente la dimensión liderazgo y participación; revelaron además baja motivación y reciprocidad. CONCLUSIONES: el ambiente laboral de los policlínicos universitarios estudiados se caracterizó a partir de las dimensiones: liderazgo, participación, motivación y reciprocidad. La dimensión de peores resultados en la caracterización resultó ser la motivación y la de mejores resultados el liderazgo

The study of work environment of university polyclinic is a real diagnostic element, from the exploration of 4 dimensions, allowing also the take of decision by managers to improve the functioning, and its influence on raising the quality of service offered. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the work environment of university polyclinic of Ciudad de la Habana during 2006 started in 2004-2005 academic course. METHODS: We made a cross-sectional and descriptive research using in this case theoretical and empirical methods as well as statistic procedures including a self-administered survey among professional workers of university polyclinics of Ciudad de La Habana started in 2004-2005 academic course for a total of 21. RESULTS: There was a favorable perception of the leadership and participation dimension; revealing also a low level of motivation and reciprocity. CONCLUSIONS: Work environment of study university polyclinics was characterized from three dimensions: leadership, participation, motivation, and reciprocity. Dimension with poorer results in characterization was the motivation and that with better results was the leadership

A cooperação na deliberação pública: um estudo de caso sobre o referendo da proibição da comercialização de armas de fogo no Brasil / La coopération dans la délibération publique: une étude de cas sur le référendum concernant l'interdiction de commercialisation des armes à feu au Brésil / Cooperation in public deliberation: a case study on the referendum to ban the sale of firearms in Brazil

This article discusses the concepts of cooperation and reciprocity, based on a deliberative view of democracy. The authors defend that such concepts do not depend on altruism, but on mutual consideration between interlocutors in a process of exchange of arguments. Based on this idea, the article analyzes the debates waged in Brazil over a referendum to ban the sale of firearms. The investigation looked at campaign advertising through the lenses of frame analysis. The study adopted frame analysis methodology. The results showed that the discourses representing each campaign were shaped within the interactional space between the two, thereby revealing a reciprocity or cooperation between the interlocutors.

Dans cet article, on discute les concepts de coopération et réciprocité selon le critère de délibération en démocratie. On pose que ces concepts ne découlent pas de l'altruisme, mais de la considération mutuelle entre interlocuteurs dans un processus d'échange d'arguments. À partir de cette idée, on analyse les débats engagés à l'occasion du référendum sur l'interdiction de la commercialisation des armes à feu, pendant les émissions de la Propagande Électorale Gratuite. La recherche s'est déroulée à partir de la méthodologie d'analyse d'encadrement. L'examen du sujet étudié montre que le discours qui donne forme à chaque campagne se constitue dans l'espace interactionnel existant entre elles, permettant qu'on parle de réciprocité ou de coopération entre les interlocuteurs.